• Classique : en haut de l'écran, sous le coeur.
  
  
• Phylogénétique :
  • Clade 4 : Angiospermes ;
  • Clade 3 : Dicotylédones_vraies ;
  • Clade 2 : Rosidées ;
  • Clade 1 : Malvidées ;
  • Ordre APN : Malvales ;
  • Famille APN : Malvaceae ;

À droite, cet arbre phylogénétique des plantes montre les principaux clades et groupes traditionnels (monophylétiques en noir et paraphylétiques en bleu).

Par Maulucioni
(via Wikimedia)

• Nom botanique : Adansonia digitata L. (1753)
• Synonymes français : baobab africain
• Synonymes : Adansonia bahohab L, Adansonia baobab Gaertn, Adansonia digitata var. congolensis A. Chev, Adansonia integrifolia Raf, Adansonia situla Spreng, Adansonia sphaerocarpa A. Chev, Adansonia sulcata A. Chev, Adansonia somalensis Chiov, Adansonia sphaerocarpa A. Chev, Baobabus digitata Kuntze, Ophelus sitularis Lour
• Noms anglais et locaux : Boabab, Cream of tartar tree

• Tableau récapitulatif

  Parties comes-tibles

  Note comest. (1-5)

  Note medic. (1-5)

  (Zones de) Rusticité

  Besoins en

  Besoins en (1-3)

  Périodes de semis et récoltes

  Graines au gramme

  Durée de viabilité

  Profon-deur semis

  Espace-ment plants

  Espace-ment lignes

  Durée germi-native

  Durée avant récolte

  J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

  1,9

  
  
  

• Nombre de graines au gramme :

  1,9
  
  
• dont infos de ⁰FPI ("FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL", en anglais) :

  • Description :

    
    Un grand arbre. Il atteint 25 m de haut. Il perd ses feuilles au cours de l'année. Les branches sont épaisses, anguleuses et largement étalées. Le tronc est court et robuste et peut mesurer de 10 à 14 m environ. Souvent, le tronc a des rainures profondes ou est cannelé. L'écorce est lisse et grise mais peut être rugueuse et ridée. Les feuilles s'étalent comme des doigts sur une main. Il y a 5 à 9 dépliants. Souvent, les feuilles sont remplies près des extrémités des branches. Les fleurs sont grandes et mesurent 12 à 15 cm de diamètre. Les pétales sont blancs et les étamines sont violettes. Le fruit est suspendu individuellement sur une longue tige. Le fruit a une coquille boisée. Cela peut mesurer 20 à 30 cm de long et 10 cm de diamètre. À l'extérieur du fruit sont des poils verts à bruns. À l'intérieur du fruit se trouvent des graines brunes dures. Ils mesurent environ 15 mm de long. Les graines sont dans une pulpe farineuse jaune et blanche. La pulpe est comestible. Les racines épaisses se terminent par des tubercules gras^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : A large tree. It grows up to 25 m tall. It loses its leaves during the year. The branches are thick, angular and spread out wide. The trunk is short and stout and can be 10-14 m around. Often the trunk has deep grooves or is fluted. The bark is smooth and grey but can be rough and wrinkled. The leaves spread out like fingers on a hand. There are 5-9 leaflets. Often the leaves are crowded near the ends of branches. The flowers are large and 12-15 cm across. The petals are white and the stamens are purple. The fruit hangs singly on a long stalk. The fruit has a woody shell. This can be 20-30 cm long and 10 cm across. On the outside of the fruit are green to brown hairs. Inside the fruit are hard brown seeds. They are about 15 mm long. The seeds are in a yellow white floury pulp. The pulp is edible. The thick roots end in fattened tubers^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Production :

    
    Les arbres poussent rapidement pour atteindre 2 m en 2 ans. Les arbres produisent des fruits après 2 à 15 ans. La plante est pollinisée par les chauves-souris, les insectes et les vents. Les arbres peuvent durer 600 ans ou plus. Les fruits peuvent être conservés pendant environ un an^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Trees grow quickly reaching 2 m in 2 years. Trees produce fruit after 2 to 15 years. The plant is pollinated by bats, insects and winds. Trees can last 600 or more years. Fruit can be stored for about a year^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Culture :

    
    Les arbres sont cultivés à partir de graines. Les graines restent viables pendant plusieurs années mais avant de les planter, les graines doivent être traitées pour casser le tégument dur de la graine. Cela peut être fait en trempant les graines dans de l'eau chaude pendant plusieurs minutes ou en coupant le tégument. Les graines qui flottent dans l'eau ne doivent pas être utilisées. Les graines peuvent être plantées en pépinière dans des sacs en plastique puis transplantées après 6 mois. Les plantes peuvent également être cultivées par boutures^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : Trees are grown from seed. The seed remain viable for several years but before planting the seeds must be treated to break the hard seed coat. This can be done by soaking the seeds in hot water for several minutes or by cutting the seed coat. Seeds that float in water should not be used. Seeds can be planted in nurseries in plastic bags then transplanted after 6 months. Plants can also be grown by cuttings^{{{0(+x).
    
    

Partie testée :

• Statut :

  
  
  C'est un aliment important. Il est vendu sur les marchés locaux. Les jeunes feuilles sont couramment utilisées dans les sauces^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : It is an important food. It is sold in local markets. Young leaves are commonly used in sauces^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Distribution :

  
  
  C'est une plante tropicale. Il pousse dans les basses terres. Il pousse dans les régions chaudes et sèches de l'Afrique tropicale. Il pousse au Sahel. Il survit bien dans les climats secs. Il pousse là où les précipitations sont de 100 à 1 000 mm par an. Il peut tolérer le feu. Il pousse là où les températures annuelles sont comprises entre 20 ° C et 30 ° C. Dans la plupart des endroits, il pousse en dessous de 900 m d'altitude mais parfois jusqu'à 1500 m d'altitude. Il nécessite un bon drainage. Il peut pousser dans des endroits arides. Il pousse dans la forêt de Miombo en Afrique. Il convient aux zones de rusticité 11-12. Dans les jardins botaniques de Brisbane^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : It is a tropical plant. It grows in the lowlands. It grows in the hot dry regions of tropical Africa. It grows in the Sahel. It survives well in dry climates. It grows where rainfall is 100-1,000 mm a year. It can tolerate fire. It grows where the annual temperatures are between 20°C and 30°C. In most places it grows below 900 m altitude but occasionally grows to 1500 m altitude. It requires good drainage. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. It suits hardiness zones 11-12. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Localisation :

  
  
  Afrique *, Angola, Antigua-et-Barbuda, Asie, Australie, Bahamas, Barbade, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, Afrique centrale, République centrafricaine, RCA, Tchad, Chine, Comores, Congo, RD Congo, CÃ ´te d'Ivoire, Cuba, Dominique, République dominicaine, Afrique de l'Est, Egypte, Erythrée, Ethiopie, Gabon, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée, Guinée, Guinée-Bissau, Guyane, Haïti, Hawaï, Inde, Indonésie, Côte d'Ivoire , Jamaïque, Kenya, Libéria, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaisie, Mali, Martinique, Mauritanie, Maurice, Mozambique, Namibie, Antilles néerlandaises, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Niger, Nigéria, Afrique du Nord, Oman, Pacifique, Philippines, Porto Rico, Réunion, Sahel , Sao Tomé-et-Principe, Asie du Sud-Est, Sénégal, Sierra Leone, Singapour, Somalie, Afrique du Sud, Afrique australe, Amérique du Sud, Soudan du Sud, Sri Lanka, Sainte-Lucie, Soudan, Tanzanie, Togo, Trinité-et-Tobago,USA, Afrique de l'Ouest, Antilles, Yémen, Zambie, Zimbabwe^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : Africa*, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Asia, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Central African Republic, CAR, Chad, China, Comoros, Congo, Congo DR, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Africa, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, Oman, Pacific, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Sahel, Sao Tome and Principe, SE Asia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Southern Africa, South America, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St Lucia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad & Tobago, USA, West Africa, West Indies, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Notes :

  
  
  Il existe 8 espèces d'Adansonia. La pulpe du fruit a une teneur élevée en vitamine C. Également mis dans la famille des Bombacacées. Composition chimique - feuilles (séchées au soleil): riches en calcium, contenant 3,6% d'oxyde de calcium, tartarate de potassium, sel commun et tanin. Composition acide des huiles de graines (échantillon nigérian): Huile = 15%. Composition en acides gras - 14: 0 = trace. 18: 0 = 5%. 18: 1 = 33%. 18: 2 = 29%. Acides cyclopropénoïdes (sous forme d'acide sterculique [HBr-acétique dans le benzène]) = 7%. Composition chimique (d'après Abdelmuti): Protéine (brute) = 3,1% (sèche). Matières grasses = 0,5% (sec). Fibre (brute) = 9,2% (sèche). Cendres (insolubles) = 5,8% (sec) Glucides (solubles): Amidon = 15,3% (sec). Saccharose = 19,3% (sec). D-gluose = 0,6% (sec). D-fructose = 5,6% (sec). Acides aminés (g [16g N] -1): acide aspartique = 9,8 g. Thréonine = 5,2 g. Sérine = 5,9 g. Acide glutamique = 10,1 g. Proline = 7,5 g. Glycine = 5,5 g. Alanine = 5,2 g. Valine = 5,2 g. Cystéine = 1,3 g. Méthionine = 1,3 g. Isoleucine = 4,2 g. Leucine = 6,8 g. Tyrosine = 3,3 g. Phénylalanine = 4,2 g. Lysine = 4,6 g. Histidine = 1,6 g. Arginine = 4,6 g. Minéraux: Soufre = 0,13% (sec). Potassium = 0,06% (sec). Magnésium = 0,14% (sec). Calcium = 0,36% (sec). Na = 0,01% (sec). K = 2,57% (sec). Zinc = 13 mg / kg -1 (sec). Fer = 17 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Aluminium = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Aluminium = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 8 mg / kg-1 (sec). Aluminium = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec)^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : There are 8 Adansonia species. The fruit pulp has a high Vitamin C content. Also put in the family Bombacaceae. Chemical composition - leaves (sun-dried): rich in calcium, containing 3.6% calcium oxide, potassium tartarate, common salt and tannin. Acid composition of seed oils (Nigerian sample): Oil = 15%. Fatty acid composition - 14:0 = trace. 18:0 = 5%. 18:1 = 33%. 18:2 = 29%. Cyclopropenoid acids (as sterculic [HBr-acetic acid in benzene]) = 7%. Chemical composition (after Abdelmuti): Protein (crude) = 3.1% (dry). Fat = 0.5% (dry). Fibre (crude) = 9.2% (dry). Ash (insoluble) = 5.8% (dry).Carbohydrate (soluble): Starch = 15.3% (dry). Sucrose = 19.3% (dry). D-gluose = 0.6% (dry). D-fructose = 5.6% (dry). Amino acids (g [16g N]-1): Aspartic acid = 9.8g. Threonine = 5.2g. Serine = 5.9g. Glutamic acid = 10.1g. Proline = 7.5g. Glycine = 5.5g. Alanine = 5.2g. Valine = 5.2g. Cysteine = 1.3g. Methionine = 1.3g. Isoleucine = 4.2g. Leucine = 6.8g. Tyrosine = 3.3g. Phenylalanine = 4.2g. Lysine = 4.6g. Histidine = 1.6g. Arginine = 4.6g. Minerals: Sulphur = 0.13% (dry). Potassium = 0.06% (dry). Magnesium = 0.14% (dry). Calcium = 0.36% (dry). Na = 0.01% (dry). K = 2.57% (dry). Zinc = 13mg/kg -1 (dry). Iron = 17 mg/kg-1 (dry). Manganese = 8 mg/kg-1 (dry). Copper = 8 mg/kg-1 (dry). Aluminium = 10 mg/kg-1 (dry)^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Liens :

  Wikipedia ; Wikipedia (en anglais) ; Henriette's Herbal" (en anglais) ;

• Sources et/ou références :

  bibliographie (liste des sources et/ou références de l'encyclopédie)
  ³¹Jardin! L'Encyclopédie ; ¹⁹PlantZAfrica (en anglais) ;
  
  dont classification : IPNI ("International Plant Names Index", en anglais) ; TPL ("The Plant List", en anglais) ; ²GRIN ("Germplasm Resources Information Network", en anglais) ; Kew (POWO - "Plant Of the World Online", "Royal Botanical Garden", en anglais) ;
  
  dont livres et bases de données : 5PFAF ("Plants For A Future", en anglais) ;
  
  dont bibliographie/références de ⁰FPI ("FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL", en anglais) :
  
  ABDELMUTI, ; Adubiaro, H. O., et al, 2011, Chemical composition, Calcium, Zinc and Phytate Interrekationships in Baobab (Adansonia digitata) Seed Flour. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(4): 2280232 ; Akinnifesi, F. K., et al, 2006, Towards the development of Miombo fruit trees as commercial crops in Southern Africa. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods. Vol. 16 pp 1-3-121 ; Ambe, G., 2001, Les fruits sauvages comestibles des savanes guinéennes de Côte-dâ'Ivoire : état de la connaissance par une population locale, les Malinké. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 5(1), 43-48 ; Aniama, S. O., et al, 2016, Ethnobotanical documentaton of some plants among Igala people of Kogi State (Nigeria). The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES). 5(4) pp 33-42 ; Asfaw, Z. and Tadesse, M., 2001, Prospects for Sustainable Use and Development of Wild Food Plants in Ethiopia. Economic Botany, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 47-62 ; Ambasta S.P. (Ed.), 2000, The Useful Plants of India. CSIR India. p 13 ; Ashton, M. S., et al 1997, A Field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications Ltd. pdf p 125 ; Assogbadjo, A. E. et al, 2013, Specific Richness and Cultural Importance of Wild Edible Trees in Benin. Acta Hort. 979, ISHS 2013 ; Atato, A., et al, 2010, Diversity of Edible Wild Fruit Tree Species of Togo. Global Science Books. ; Awodoyin, R.O., Olubode, O.S., Ogbu, J.U., Balogun, R.B., Nwawuisi, J.U. and Orji, K.O., 2015, Indigenous Fruit Trees of Tropical Africa: Status, Opportunity for Development and Biodiversity Management. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 31-41 ; Ayantunde, A. A., et al, 2009, Uses of Local Plant Species by Agropastoralists in South-western Niger. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Vol. 7: 53-66 ; Ballal, M. E., et al, 2014, Ethno-botany of Natural Forests of Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan State, Sudan. Journal of Forest Poducts & Industries. 3(1):13-19 ; Barwick, M., 2004, Tropical and Subtropical Trees. 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• Recherche de/pour :

  
  
  
  • "Adansonia digitata" sur Google (pages et images) ; TROPICOS (en anglais) ; Tela Botanica ; Pl@ntNet ; Pl@ntUse ; "Useful Tropical Plants" (en anglais) ou "Useful Temperate Plants" (en anglais) ;
    
  • "Baobab" sur Google (pages, images et recettes) ;

• Baobab de grandidier

• Adansonia grandidieri Baill. (Baobab de grandidier)
• Adansonia gregorii F.Muell.
• Adansonia madagascariensis Baill.
• Adansonia perrieri Capuron
• Adansonia suarezensis H.Perrier
• Adansonia za Baill.

• Abutilon
• Abutilon à feuilles de vigne
• Abutilon à feuilles en losange
• Abutilon comestible (tp* de "Abutilon esculentum"
• Abutilon d'avicenne
• Abutilon de Sherard
• Abutilon du Chili
• Abutilon épineux
• Abutilon grimpant
• Abutilon hérissé
• Abutilon Miller
• Abutilon pourpre
• Abutilon strié
• Aibika
• Ambrette
• Anode
• Baobab de grandidier
• Bâton ivre
• Cacao de monte
• Cacao du Pérou
• Cacaoti
• Cacaoyer
• Chanvre ambari
• Chanvre de Calcutta
• Corchore à trois loges
• Corète potagère
• Cotonnier
• Cotonnier créole
• Cotonnier herbacé
• Cotonnier mexicain
• Cupuassu
• Cupui
• Dian bala{{{69
• Durian
• Durian manjit
• Faux colatier
• Flamme
• Flamme australienne
• Fromager
• Gombo
• Gombo ouest-africain
• Gouane à feuilles de tilleul
• Grewie occidentale
• Guazume à feuilles d'orme
• Guimauve officinale
• Héritière littorale
• Hibiscus à cinq fruits
• Hibiscus d'Afrique
• Hibiscus des marais
• Hibiscus rose de chine

• Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
• Abelmoschus caillei (A.Chev.) Stevels (Gombo ouest-africain)
• Abelmoschus crinitus Wall.
• Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Gombo)
• Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) Wight & Arn. (Ketmie faux ficus)
• Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik (Aibika)
• Abelmoschus mauritianum (Jacq.) Medic.
• Abelmoschus moschatus Medik (Ambrette)
• Abelmoschus pannosum (Forst. f.) Schlechtend.
• Abroma angusta (L) Willd.
• Abutilon angulatum (Guill. & Perr.) Mast.
• Abutilon cabrae De Wild. et Th.Dur.
• Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr.
• Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sweet
• Abutilon grandifolium (Willd.) Sweet (Abutilon)
• Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet (Abutilon hérissé)
• Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Mauve pays)
• Abutilon leucopetalum (F. Muell.) Benth.
• Abutilon longicuspe Hochst. ex A. Rich.
• Abutilon mauritianum (Jacq.) Medic.
• Abutilon megapotamicum (Spreng.) A. St.-Hil. & Naudin. (Abutilon grimpant)
• Abutilon ochsenii
• Abutilon otocarpum F.Muell.
• Abutilon pannosum (Forst. f.) Schlechtend.
• Abutilon pictum Gillies. ex Hook. & Arn.) Walp. (Abutilon strié)
• Abutilon purpurascens
• Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr.
• Abutilon species
• Abutilon theophrasti Medik. (Abutilon d'avicenne)
• Abutilon vitifolium (Abutilon à feuilles de vigne)
• Abutilon x hybridum hort. ex Siebert. & Voss. (Lanterne chinoise)
• Abutilon x milleri auct./hort. (Abutilon Miller)
• Abutilon x suntense
• Adansonia grandidieri Baill. (Baobab de grandidier)
• Adansonia gregorii F.Muell.
• Adansonia madagascariensis Baill.
• Adansonia perrieri Capuron
• Adansonia suarezensis H.Perrier
• Adansonia za Baill.
• Alcea apterocarpa
• Alcea flavovirens
• Alcea hohenacheri
• Alcea kurdica
• Alcea pallida
• Alcea rosea L. (Rose trémière)
• Alcea rugosa Alef.
• Alcea setosa (Rose-trémière)
• Althaea armeniaca Ten.
• Althaea officinalis L. (Guimauve officinale)
• Ancistrocarpus densispinosus Oliv.
• ...