• Classique : en haut de l'écran, sous le coeur.
  
  
• Phylogénétique :
  • Clade 4 : Angiospermes ;
  • Clade 3 : Dicotylédones_vraies ;
  • Clade 2 : Rosidées ;
  • Clade 1 : Fabidées ;
  • Ordre APN : Zygophyllales ;
  • Famille APN : Zygophyllaceae ;

À droite, cet arbre phylogénétique des plantes montre les principaux clades et groupes traditionnels (monophylétiques en noir et paraphylétiques en bleu).

Par Maulucioni
(via Wikimedia)

• Nom botanique : Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile
• Synonymes : Agialida barteri Van Tiegh, Agialida senegalensis Van Tiegh, Agialida tombuctensis Van Tiegh, Balanites roxburghii Planch, Balanites ziziphoides Milbr. & Schlec, Ximenia aegyptiaca L
• Noms anglais et locaux : Desert date, Soapberry tree

• Tableau récapitulatif

  Parties comes-tibles

  Note comest. (1-5)

  Note medic. (1-5)

  (Zones de) Rusticité

  Besoins en

  Besoins en (1-3)

  Périodes de semis et récoltes

  Graines au gramme

  Durée de viabilité

  Profon-deur semis

  Espace-ment plants

  Espace-ment lignes

  Durée germi-native

  Durée avant récolte

  J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

  
  
  
• dont infos de ⁰FPI ("FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL", en anglais) :

  • Description :

    
    Un petit arbre à feuilles persistantes. Il pousse jusqu'à 6-15 m de haut. C'est épineux. Il produit une couronne arrondie de branches épineuses enchevêtrées. L'écorce est brun foncé ou grise et présente des motifs. Il devient bouché et craquelé avec l'âge. Les branches sont rigides et cassantes. Les branches ont de grosses épines. Ils sont simples et longs de 8 cm. Les épines sont d'abord molles puis deviennent ligneuses. Les feuilles se présentent sous la forme de paires distinctes de folioles gris-vert. Les feuilles mesurent 2,5 à 6 cm de long sur 1,5 à 4 cm de large. Les feuilles sont de forme légèrement différente dans chaque moitié. Ils sont coriaces et légèrement velus. Il y a 4-6 veines proéminentes qui sont clairement visibles sur la face inférieure de la feuille. Les fleurs sont en grappes, petites et velues. Ils mesurent 1,4 cm de diamètre. Ils sont jaune-vert et ont une odeur douce. Le fruit est vert jaunâtre et mesure 5 cm de long sur 2,5 cm de large. Les fruits sont comme des dattes. Les deux extrémités du fruit sont arrondies. Il y a une graine dure et pointue d'environ 4 cm de long sur 2 cm de large. La chair autour de la graine est jaune et douce-amère. La graine se sépare facilement de la chair^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : A small evergreen tree. It grows up to 6-15 m high. It is spiny. It produces a rounded crown of tangled thorny branches. The bark is dark brown or grey and has patterns on it. It becomes corky and cracked with age. The branches are stiff and brittle. The branches have stout spines. They are single and 8 cm long. The thorns are soft at first then become woody. The leaves occur as distinctive pairs of grey-green leaflets. The leaves are 2.5-6 cm long by 1.5-4 cm wide. The leaves are slightly different shape in each half. They are leathery and slightly hairy. There are 4-6 prominent veins which are clearly seen on the under side of the leaf. The flowers are in clusters, small and hairy. They are 1.4 cm across. They are yellow-green and have a sweet smell. The fruit is yellowish-green and 5 cm long by 2.5 cm wide. The fruit are date like. Both ends of the fruit are rounded. There is a hard pointy seed about 4 cm long by 2 cm wide. The flesh around the seed is yellow and bittersweet. The seed is easily separated from the flesh^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Production :

    
    (Le fruit peut être utilisé pour traiter les approvisionnements en eau pour tuer les escargots hôtes de Bilharzia, et la puce d'eau qui porte la maladie du ver de Guinée.) _ X000B_Les arbres produisent après 5-8 ans. Fruit mûr en 60 jours. En Tanzanie, les fruits sont récoltés entre avril et juin. Un bon arbre peut produire 10 000 fruits en un an. Les fruits mûrs peuvent être séchés au soleil et conservés. Les grains de graines peuvent être à 60% d'huile^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : (The fruit can be used to treat water supplies to kill the snail hosts of Bilharzia, and the water-flea which carries Guinea worm disease.)Trees produce after 5-8 years. Fruit mature in 60 days. In Tanzania fruit are collected between April and June. A good tree can produce 10,000 fruit in one year. Ripe fruit can be sun dried and stored. Seed kernels can be 60% oil^{{{0(+x).
    
    

  • Culture :

    
    Il est cultivé à partir de graines. La graine peut être cultivée en pépinière en pot, ou directement. Des drageons peuvent également être utilisés. Il y a 600-1 200 graines par kg. Les graines retirées du fruit peuvent être conservées pendant un an. La graine doit être vers le bas verticalement avec l'extrémité de la tige vers le bas pour de meilleurs résultats. Les graines germent en 1 à 4 semaines. Le trempage des graines les aide à germer. Ils peuvent être trempés dans de l'eau froide pendant 2 jours, l'eau étant changée après 24 heures. Les semis poussent lentement mais les drageons sont plus rapides. ^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
    
    Original : It is grown from seed. Seed can be grown in a nursery in pots, or direct. Root suckers can also be used. There are 600-1,200 seed per kg. Seed removed from the fruit can be stored for a year. Seed should be down vertically with the stem end down for best results. Seeds germinate in 1-4 weeks. Soaking the seed helps them germinate. They can be soaked in cold water for 2 days with the water being changed after 24 hours. Seedlings are slow growing but root suckers are faster^{{{0(+x).
    
    

Parties comestibles :

Détails :

Partie testée :

• Statut :

  
  
  Les fruits sont surtout consommés par les enfants. C'est un aliment important dans les zones désertiques. Les fruits sont généralement disponibles pendant la saison la plus sèche et la plus affamée^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : The fruit are eaten especially by children. It is an important food in desert areas. Fruit tend to be available in the drier more hungry season^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Distribution :

  
  
  Une plante tropicale. On le trouve partout en Afrique. Il pousse dans les basses terres. Il se produit des zones arides aux zones subhumides. Il convient aux zones chaudes et sèches. Il pousse au Sahel. Il pousse du niveau de la mer à 2000 m d'altitude. Il préfère les sols de vallée mais poussera sur une gamme de sols. Il convient à une pluviométrie de 200 à 800 mm. Il peut pousser dans des endroits arides. Il a besoin d'une température moyenne moyenne de 20-30 ° C. Il pousse dans la forêt de Miombo en Afrique^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : A tropical plant. It is found all over Africa. It grows in the lowlands. It occurs from arid to sub-humid areas. It suits hot dry areas. It grows in the Sahel. It grows from sea level to 2,000 m altitude. It prefers valley soils but will grow on a range of soils. It suits a rainfall of 200-800 mm. It can grow in arid places. It needs a mean average temperature of 20-30°C. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Localisation :

  
  
  Afrique, Algérie, Angola, Arabie, Asie, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, Afrique centrale, Tchad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, République dominicaine, Afrique de l'Est, Égypte, Erythrée, Éthiopie, Gambie, Ghana, Guinée, Guinée, Guinée-Bissau, Inde, Israël, Côte d'Ivoire, Jordanie, Kenya, Libye, Malawi, Mauritanie, Maroc, Myanmar, Namibie, Antilles néerlandaises, Niger, Nigéria, Afrique du Nord , Pakistan, Palestine, Porto Rico, Rwanda, Sahara, Sahel, Arabie Saoudite, Asie du Sud-Est, Sénégal, Somalie, Afrique australe, Soudan du Sud, Soudan, Tanzanie, Togo, Ouganda, Afrique de l'Ouest, Yémen, Zambie, Zimbabwe^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : Africa, Algeria, Angola, Arabia, Asia, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central Africa, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, East Africa, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinée, Guinea-Bissau, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles, Niger, Nigeria, North Africa, Pakistan, Palestine, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Sahara, Sahel, Saudi Arabia, SE Asia, Senegal, Somalia, Southern Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, West Africa, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Notes :

  
  
  Il existe 9 espèces de Balanites. Ils sont également mis dans la famille des Balanitacées. Composition chimique (échantillon Soudan, portion comestible [d'après Henry & Grindley]): Protéine = 3,3%. Matières grasses = 0,1%. Glucides = 52,7%. Fibre (brute) = 2,1%. Cendres = 4,0%. Ca0 = 0,08%. P2O5 = 0,10%. Humidité = 37,8%. Kcal = 231; (noyaux): Protéine = 27,5%. Lipides = 46,5%. Glucides = 11,1%. Fibre (brute) = 1,5%. Cendres = 2,9%. CaO = 0,16%. P2O5 = 1,00%. Humidité = 10,5%. Kcal = 591; (huile): densité à 100 C. = .88919. Valeur de saponification = 186,5. Absorption d'iode = 99,2. Point de fusion environ = 8o C. Composition chimique (Soudan après Abdelmuti): Protéine (brute) = 5,1% (sèche). Matières grasses = 0,4% (sec). Cendres (insolubles) = 21,2% (sèches). Fibre (brute) = 2,8% (sèche). Glucides (solubles): Amidon = 30,1% (sec). Sucres: saccharose = 5,8% (sec). D-glucose = 20,6% (sec). D-fructose = 10,1%. Acides aminés (g [16g N] -1): acide aspartique = 5,1 g. Thréonine = 2,5 g. Sérine = 2,0 g. Acide glutamique = 6,3 g. Proline = 35,8 g. Glycine = 3,3 g. Alanine = 3,5 g. Valine = 2,7 g. Cystéine = 1,0 g. Méthionine = 1,0 g. Isoleucine = 2,7 g. Leucine = 4,1 g. Tyrosine = 2,2 g. Phénylalanine = 2,7 g. Lysine = 1,6 g. Histidine = 1,2 g. Arginine = 2,4 g. Soufre = 0,10% (sec). Potassium = 0,04% (sec). Magnésium = 0,10% (sec). Calcium = 0,12% (sec). Na = 0,02% (sec). Zinc = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec). Fer = 620 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 3 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 2 mg / kg-1 (sec). Arginine = 2,4 g. Soufre = 0,10% (sec). Potassium = 0,04% (sec). Magnésium = 0,10% (sec). Calcium = 0,12% (sec). Na = 0,02% (sec). Zinc = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec). Fer = 620 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 3 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 2 mg / kg-1 (sec). Arginine = 2,4 g. Soufre = 0,10% (sec). Potassium = 0,04% (sec). Magnésium = 0,10% (sec). Calcium = 0,12% (sec). Na = 0,02% (sec). Zinc = 10 mg / kg-1 (sec). Fer = 620 mg / kg-1 (sec). Manganèse = 3 mg / kg-1 (sec). Cuivre = 2 mg / kg-1 (sec)^{{{{0(+x) (traduction automatique)}.
  
  Original : There are 9 Balanites species. They are also put in the family Balanitaceae. Chemical composition (Sudan sample, edible portion [after Henry & Grindley]): Protein = 3.3%. Fat = 0.1%. Carbohydrate = 52.7%. Fibre (crude) = 2.1%. Ash = 4.0%. Ca0 = 0.08%. P2O5 = 0.10%. Moisture = 37.8%. Kcal = 231; (kernels): Protein = 27.5%. Fat = 46.5%. Carbohydrate = 11.1%. Fibre (crude) = 1.5%. Ash = 2.9%. CaO = 0.16%. P2O5 = 1.00%. Moisture = 10.5%. Kcal = 591; (oil): Specific gravity at 100 C . = .88919. Saponification value = 186.5. Iodine absorption = 99.2. Melting point about = 8o C. Chemical composition (Sudan after Abdelmuti): Protein (crude) = 5.1% (dry). Fat = 0.4% (dry). Ash (insoluble) = 21.2% (dry). Fibre (crude) = 2.8% (dry). Carbohydrate (soluble): Starch = 30.1% (dry). Sugars: Sucrose = 5.8% (dry). D-glucose = 20.6% (dry). D-fructose = 10.1%. Amino acids (g [16g N]-1): Aspartic acid = 5.1g. Threonine = 2.5g. Serine = 2.0g. Glutamic acid = 6.3g. Proline = 35.8g. Glycine = 3.3g. Alanine = 3.5g. Valine = 2.7g. Cysteine = 1.0g. Methionine = 1.0g. Isoleucine = 2.7g. Leucine = 4.1g. Tyrosine = 2.2g. Phenylalanine = 2.7g. Lysine = 1.6g. Histidine = 1.2g. Arginine = 2.4g. Sulphur = 0.10% (dry). Potassium = 0.04% (dry). Magnesium = 0.10% (dry). Calcium = 0.12% (dry). Na = 0.02% (dry). Zinc = 10 mg/kg-1 (dry). Iron = 620 mg/kg-1 (dry). Manganese = 3 mg/kg-1 (dry). Copper = 2 mg/kg-1 (dry)^{{{0(+x).
  
  

• Liens :

  / ;

• Sources et/ou références :

  bibliographie (liste des sources et/ou références de l'encyclopédie)
  dont classification : IPNI ("International Plant Names Index", en anglais) ; Kew (POWO - "Plant Of the World Online", "Royal Botanical Garden", en anglais) ;
  
  dont livres et bases de données : 5PFAF ("Plants For A Future", en anglais) ; ⁰FPI ("FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL", en anglais) ;
  
  dont bibliographie/références de ⁰FPI ("FOOD PLANTS INTERNATIONAL", en anglais) :
  
  Abbiw, D.K., 1990, Useful Plants of Ghana. West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Technology Publications and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. p 41 ; ABDELMUTI, ; Addis, G., et al, 2005, Ethnobotanical Study of Edible Wild Plants in Some Selected Districts of Ethiopia. Human Ecology, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 83-118 ; Addis, G., Asfaw, Z & Woldu, Z., 2013, Ethnobotany of Wild and Semi-wild Edible Plants of Konso Ethnic Community, South Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 11:121-141 ; Addis, G., et al, 2013, The Role of Wild and Semi-wild Edible Plants in Household Food Sovereignty in Hamer and Konso Communities, South Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 11:251-271 ; Anywar, G., et al, 2014, Wild Plants Used as Nutraceuticals from Nebbi District, Uganda. European Journal of medicinal Plants. 4(6):641-660 ; Asfaw, Z. and Tadesse, M., 2001, Prospects for Sustainable Use and Development of Wild Food Plants in Ethiopia. Economic Botany, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 47-62 ; Ashagre, M., et al, 2016, Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Burji District, Segan Area Zone of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:32 ; Assogbadjo, A. E. et al, 2013, Specific Richness and Cultural Importance of Wild Edible Trees in Benin. Acta Hort. 979, ISHS 2013 ; Atato, A., et al, 2010, Diversity of Edible Wild Fruit Tree Species of Togo. Global Science Books. ; Atato, A.,et al, 2011, Edible Wild Fruit Highly Consumed during Food Shortage Period in Togo: State of Knowledge and Conservation Status. Journal of Life Sciences 5 (2011) 1046-1057 ; Awodoyin, R.O., Olubode, O.S., Ogbu, J.U., Balogun, R.B., Nwawuisi, J.U. and Orji, K.O., 2015, Indigenous Fruit Trees of Tropical Africa: Status, Opportunity for Development and Biodiversity Management. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 31-41 ; Ayantunde, A. A., et al, 2009, Uses of Local Plant Species by Agropastoralists in South-western Niger. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. Vol. 7: 53-66 ; Ambasta S.P. (Ed.), 2000, The Useful Plants of India. CSIR India. p 65 ; Balemie, K., & Kebebew, F., 2006, Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in Derashe and Kucha Districts, South Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. ; Ballal, M. E., et al, 2014, Ethno-botany of Natural Forests of Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan State, Sudan. Journal of Forest Poducts & Industries. 3(1):13-19 ; Bekele-Tesemma A., Birnie, A., & Tengnas, B., 1993, Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia. Regional Soil Conservation Unit. Technical Handbook No 5. p 102 ; Belem, B., et al, 2007, Use of Non Wood Forest Products by local people bordering the “Parc National Kaboré Tambi”, Burkina Faso. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies vol. 6, no. 1 p 9 ; Berihun, T. & Molla, E., 2017, Study on the Diversity and Use of Wild Edible Plants in Bullen District Northwest Ethiopia. Hindawi Journal of Botany. Article ID 8383468 ; BERRY-KOCH, ; Bircher, A. G. & Bircher, W. H., 2000, Encyclopedia of Fruit Trees and Edible Flowering Plants in Egypt and the Subtropics. AUC Press. p 52 ; Bonou, A., et al, 2013, Valeur economique des Produits Forestiers Non Ligneux (PFNL) au Benin. Editions Universitaires Europeennes p 96 ; Burkill, H. M., 1985, The useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1. Kew. ; Busson, 1965, ; Codjia, J. T. C., et al, 2003, Diversity and local valorisation of vegetal edible products in Benin. Cahiers Agricultures 12:1-12 ; CRÉAC'H; ; Dale, I. R. and Greenway, P. J., 1961, Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Nairobi. p 533 ; Dalziel, J. M., 1937, The Useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents for the Colonies London. ; Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. 2:221, t. 28, fig. 1. 1813 ("1812") "aegyptiaca" ; Dharani, N., 2002, Field Guide to common Trees & Shrubs of East Africa. Struik. p 56 ; Diouf, M., et al, Leafy Vegetables in Senegal. Bioversity webite ; Djihounouck, Y., et al, 2018, Diversité Et Importance Socio-Economique Des Espèces Fruitières Sauvages Comestibles En Zone Kasa (Sud-Ouest Du Sénégal). European Scientific Journal December 2018 edition Vol.14, No.36 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 ; Dobriyal, M. J. R. & Dobriyal, R., 2014, Non Wood Forest Produce an Option for Ethnic Food and Nutritional Security in India. Int. J. of Usuf. Mngt. 15(1):17-37 ; Ethiopia: Famine Food Field Guide. http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/category2.htm ; Exell, A.W. et al, (Ed), 1963, Flora Zambesiaca Vol 2 Part 1 Crown Agents, London. p 223 ; Facciola, S., 1998, Cornucopia 2: a Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, p 45 ; FAO, 1988, Traditional Food Plants, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 42. FAO Rome p 95 ; Feyssa, D. H., et al, 2011, Seasonal availability an consumption of wild edible plants in semiarid Ethiopia; Implications to food security and climate change adaptation. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 3(5): 138-149 ; Flora Zambesiaca. http://apps.kew.org/efloras ; Fowler, D. G., 2007, Zambian Plants: Their Vernacular Names and Uses. Kew. p 14 ; Fox, F. W. & Young, M. E. N., 1982, Food from the Veld. Delta Books. p 129 ; Gaisberger, H., et al, 2017, Spatially explicit multi-threat assessment of food tree species in Burkina Faso: A fine-scale approach. PLoS ONE 12 (9): e0184457 ; Gallagher, D. E., 2010, Farming beyond the escarpment: Society, Environment, and Mobility in Precolonial Southeastern Burkina Faso. PhD University of Michigan. ; Gemedo-Dalle, T., et al, 2005, Plant Biodiversity and Ethnobotany of Borana Pastoralists in Southern Oromia, Ethiopia. Economic Botany 59(1) pp. 43-65 ; Gilbert, T., et al, 2017, Diversity and local transformation of indigenous edible fruits in sahelian domain of Cameroon. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences Vol. 26 (2): 5289-5300 ; Global Plants JSTOR ; Goode, P., 1989, Edible Plants of Uganda. FAO p 36 ; Goode, P., 1989, Edible Plants of Uganda. FAO p 37 ; Goode, P., 1989, Edible Plants of Uganda. FAO p 40 ; Grivetti, L. E., 1980, Agricultural development: present and potential role of edible wild plants. Part 2: Sub-Saharan Africa, Report to the Department of State Agency for International Development. p 43 ; Guinand, Y., & Lemessa, D., 2000, Wild-food Plants in Southern Ethiopia. University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center. UN-EUE Addis Ababa. ; Hanawa, Y., 2013, Wild edible plants used by Guiziga people of far north region of Cameroon. Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants. Vol 3 (2) : 136-143 ; Harris, F. M. A. and Mohammed, S., 2003, Relying on Nature: Wild Foods in Northern Nigeria. Ambio Vol. 32 No. 1. p 25-30 ; Hedrick, U.P., 1919, (Ed.), Sturtevant's edible plants of the world. p 90 ; HENRY & GRINDLEY (1954), ; Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O. 2007, Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. p 338 ; Hines, D. A. & Eckman, K., 1993, Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: Uses and economic benefits for people. FAO Forestry Department. p 113 ; Ibrahim, H. A., et al, 2012, Ethnobotanical Survey of the Wild Edible Food Plants Consumption among Local Communities in Kano State, North-Western, Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Technology. Vol. 2. No. 10 p 716 ; INFOODS:FAO/INFOODS Databases ; Jardin, C., 1970, List of Foods Used In Africa, FAO Nutrition Information Document Series No 2.p 32, 58, 122 ; Johns, T., and Kokwaro, J.O., 1991, Food Plants of the Luo of Siayo District, Kenya. Economic Botany 45(1), pp 103-113 ; Katende, A.B., Birnie, A & Tengnas B., 1995, Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda. Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Technical handbook No 10. Regional Soil Conservation Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. p 122 ; Keay, R.W.J., 1989, Trees of Nigeria. Clarendon Press, Oxford. p 146 ; Kebebew, M. & Leta, G., 2016, Wild Edible Plant Bio-diversity and Utilization System in Nech Sar National Park, Ethiopia. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 2016, 7(4):885-896 ; Kidane, B., et al, 2014, Wild and semi-wild leafy vegetables used by the Maale and Ari ethnic communities in southern Ethiopia. Genetic Resour Crop Evol. Springer. p 8 ; Krishen P., 2006, Trees of Delhi, A Field Guide. DK Books. p 187 (As Balanites roxburghii) ; Kristensen, M and Lykke, A. M., 2003, Informant-Based Valuation of Use and Conservation Preferences of Savanna Trees in Burkina Faso. Economic Botany, Vol 57, No. 2, pp. 203-271 ; Kuhnlein, H. V., et al, 2009, Indigenous Peoples' food systems. FAO Rome p 239 ; Le Houerou, H. N., (Ed.), 1980, Browse in Africa. The current state of knowledge. International Livestock Centre for Africa, Ethiopia. p 161 ; Lulekal, E., et al, 2011, Wild edible plants in Ethiopia: a review on their potential to combat food insecurity. Afrika Focus - Vol. 24, No 2. pp 71-121 ; Malaisse, F., 1997, Se nourrir en floret claire africaine. Approche ecologique et nutritionnelle. CTA., p 91. ; Mannheimer, C. A. & Curtis. B.A. (eds), 2009, Le Roux and Muller's Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of Namibia. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia. p 188 ; Martin, F.W. & Ruberte, R.M., 1979, Edible Leaves of the Tropics. Antillian College Press, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. p 219 ; Martin, F. W., et al, 1987, Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics. USDA Handbook 642 p 19 ; Maundu, P. et al, 1999, Traditional Food Plants of Kenya. National Museum of Kenya. p 69 ; Maydell, H. von, 1990 Trees and shrubs of the Sahel: their characteristics and uses. Margraf. p 179 ; Mbuya, L.P., Msanga, H.P., Ruffo, C.K., Birnie, A & Tengnas, B., 1994, Useful Trees and Shrubs for Tanzania. Regional Soil Conservation Unit. Technical Handbook No 6. p 116 ; Menninger, E.A., 1977, Edible Nuts of the World. Horticultural Books. Florida p 114 ; Miguel, E., et al, 1989, A checklist of the cultivated plants of Cuba. Kulturpflanze 37. 1989, 211-357 ; Molla, A., Ethiopian Plant Names. http://www.ethiopic.com/aplants.htm ; MORTIMORE, ; Nassif, F., & Tanji, A., 2013, Gathered food plants in Morocco: The long forgotten species in Ethnobotanical Research. Life Science Leaflets 3:17-54 ; National Research Council, 2008, Lost Crops of Africa. Volume 3: Fruits, Washington, DC.: The National Academies Press. pdf p 30 ; Ojelel, S. & Kakudidi, E. K., 2015, Wild edible plant species utilized by a subsistence farming community in the Obalanga sub-county, Amuria district, Uganda. 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• Recherche de/pour :

  
  
  
  • "Balanites aegyptiaca" sur Google (pages et images) ; TPL ("The Plant List", en anglais) ; GRIN ("Germplasm Resources Information Network", en anglais) ; TROPICOS (en anglais) ; Tela Botanica ; Pl@ntNet ; Pl@ntUse ; "Useful Tropical Plants" (en anglais) ou "Useful Temperate Plants" (en anglais) ;
    

• var. quarrei

• Balanites angolensis (Welw.) Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites maughamii Sprague
• Balanites orbicularis Sprague
• Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites rotunda
• Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt.
• Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague

• Harmal
• Tribule
• Tribule terrestre

• Balanites angolensis (Welw.) Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites glabra Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites maughamii Sprague
• Balanites orbicularis Sprague
• Balanites pedicellaris Mildbr. & Schltr.
• Balanites rotunda
• Balanites rotundifolia (Tiegh.) Blatt.
• Balanites wilsoniana Dawe & Sprague
• Nitraria billardierei DC.
• Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch.
• Nitraria roborowskii Kom.
• Nitraria schoberi L.
• Nitraria sibirica Poir.
• Peganum harmala L. (Harmal)
• Tribulus cistoides L. (Tribule)
• Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. (Tribule)
• Tribulus solandri
• Tribulus terrestris Muhl. (Tribule terrestre)